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"The disease is an answer, a poor response that we invent to suffering."
Christian Bobin
If
pathology "organic" is often obeys a law of cause and effect for the scientific and medical illness "mental" is much less stress to explanations rationnelle.Excès or lack of neurotransmitters, depression of the activity of some part of the brain are not widely considered as the true point of emergence of these diseases, leaving them prey to all kinds of superstitions.Mais How does one become "mentally unbalanced"? how does one pass on the side of insane, the dark side ? Are we all might one day become "crazy", or do we need a field prior to germinate the seed of madness?
A little history
Madness In medicine the word has no place in the dictionnaire.D other-Rant , dementia, schizophrenia, psychosis, neurosis, paranoia, etc.-take his place.
William Cullen in 1769 created the term "neurosis" designating a set of conditions of feeling and movement, no fever or lesions detectable.
One of the oldest mental illness is described hysteria. The earliest known Egyptian medical texts dating back 2000 years before the Christian era, including Papyrus Kahun talking about it now.
The term hysteria is derived from the Greek word Huster , meaning "matrix" or the uterus . The hysteria was in fact, until the work of neurologist Charcot, considered to be intimately linked to the uterus, the accepted theory was that it was moving in the body, creating the symptoms. Paul Julius Möbius was a neurologist also known for taking an interest in hysteria with this definition in 1888 which, in its content, preceded the theories of Freud, Breuer and Janet: "Are all hysterical pathological manifestations caused by representations. Then: Only part of the pathological phenomena corresponds to the ideas motivating its contents, ie those caused by foreign ideas and autosuggestion in the case, for example, where the idea of not being able to move his arm causes paralysis of the latter. Other hysterical phenomena, while from good performances, they do not reflect the views of the content. . In other words, and in short, he claimed that the protests are hysteric idéogènes. "(1)
Freud was interested in hysteria even before that psychoanalysis is born, it is the hysteria which revealed Freud's névrose.Dans his book "Studies on Hysteria" he explains
" Our experiments have shown that hysterical phenomena resulted from psychological trauma. We have already spoken of abnormal states of consciousness in which these performances occur pathogens and have been forced to emphasize that the remembrance of psychical trauma assets could be discovered in the patient's normal memory but only that of the hypnotized. By studying these phenomena more closely we are more convinced that the dissociation of consciousness called double consciousness in the classical observations, are rudimentary in all the hysteria. The tendency to this dissociation and hence the emergence of abnormal states of consciousness that we gather under the name of hypnoid states would be in this neurosis, a fundamental phenomenon ... When these statements
hypnoid have preceded the disease manifests, they provided the land on which the building will affect the memory pathogen with its somatic consequences. This fact is a predisposition to hysteria. But our observations show that severe trauma (such as traumatic neurosis), a painful punishment (that of sexual affection, for example) can cause, even in a normal subject, a dissociation group representations and it is here that the mechanism would psychically acquired hysteria. It must be remembered that between the extreme cases of both types, there are a series of performances in which the easy production of a dissociation, in a given subject, and the importance of the emotional impact of trauma vary inversely ..."( 2)
In simpler words
In fact, the hysteria is always due to a moral shock or trauma psychic and the physical trauma does not by itself, but by the moral shock that accompanies it. These are the reminiscences of the emotional shock that awaken hysterogenic crises. It is the emotion tied to memory, this is not the idea itself which awakens: the idea is impotent, if not emotional.
Emotions are accompanied by reflex reactions constituted voluntary or involuntary. Now Breuer and Freud agree that conservation is emotional memories, especially that the response was inadequate, the subject has not been sufficiently discharged, emotion has not been cleared by the phenomena of reaction, too low for him, it persists in memory and related maintenance.
The lack of reaction, elimination of the emotional element, may be due, or that the emotion itself contained no reaction as the grief caused by the death of a loved one, either Does the patient obeying a false sense of shame or vanity, voluntarily comes to mind and repress his emotion or finally that the emotional shock hysterogenic took place in a special state of consciousness sometimes determined by him, stunning by fear, obtundation semi-hypnotic waking state, self-hypnosis condition rendering impossible any reaction. Besides the hysterical phenomena always take place in a state of abnormal consciousness, similar to hypnosis, that these authors call hypnoid state. These states exist in us all to some degree, the dreams of the day, the waking state, are states hypnoid. When these statements are highly developed, they are predisposed to hysteria. They can be created by the emotional shock itself and are then acquired hysteria.
(3)
errors ..
The error of Hippocrates and the Egyptians was to restrict the hysterical symptoms in women, hence the word hysteria (uterus in Greek). In the old medical imaging The uterus was often described as being movable in the body, thus causing all sorts of symptoms. It was felt that the woman is not as much as the man owns his body: the uterus has an autonomy is a kind of small animal. When the uterus is not well kept in its place as a receptacle of a fetus during pregnancy or as a receptacle of male sperm, it moves in its movements and causes of hysterical symptoms.
Hysteria is therefore dealt with sex and motherhood, as a womb will remain busy in his place ...
is that in the second century Galen abandon the idea of moving body. Already in the 1st century, it raised the possibility that the uterus does not migrate but shrinks ... The Middle Ages, hysteria is found on the side of mystical fervor. It therefore falls outside the field of medicine to blend in with the religious.
For St. Augustine, sin and sex are associated therefore can not be hysterical if it is chaste! So comes the idea of witchcraft and witch-hunting which leads at the stake people "owned"! Number of hysterical at the time have known of the feu.A the late nineteenth century, Charcot and hysteria will give a more accurate status of what he considered a disease. He will talk about the traumatic origin of hysteria and sees the expression of a dysfunction of the nervous system itself having psychological consequences. It will create the concept of neurosis, a term introduced by the Scottish Cullen.
Psychoanalysts have seen that hysteria was probably a disease strongly associated with women not because the women are more susceptible than men but because, in societies where women are oppressed and where femininity is repressed, Women use it as a medium to express their deep psychological unease under the influence of society that guides their sentence to a term of hysterical type. Although this hypothesis seems to be supported on an appealing explanation, however, is not demonstrated. It would explain why there seems to be fads or epidemics hysteria in some societies and at certain times and why the hysteria has declined significantly in the West.
Today, given the fact that there are indeed men "hysterical" is preferred to use the term Histrionic (histrio, actor in Latin), reducing the symptom to a set of actors, an exaggeration explosive emotions (1).
Hysteria disappears at the end of the twentieth century as nosological entity, as a disease. Disorders that were grouped under the term hysteria is now divided into two frames: somatoform disorders or conversion and dissociative disorders (4).
The challenge
Hysteria may appear as a challenge to medicine, it involves the method anatomo-clinical classifications clinics, since it lends itself poorly to the usual combination of syndromic classical medical approach. The signs are variable, inconstant, labile. It seems to follow the "modes", preferring different times the neurological, the digestive and perhaps now the psychiatrist. The conversion is what the medicine does not know expliquer.Néanmoins in practice in a given period for a given culture, charts help us to repérer.Les events hysterical fits into the framework of a mechanism noted " conversion . This term from psychoanalysis assumes that hysterical disorder is the unconscious psychic conflict comes to be transposed onto the body, causing the somatic symptoms. A conversion of the "psychic" can be observed in somatique.Ainsi-Besides the famous "hysteria" happy noisy and dramatic fading, tétaniformes seizures, pseudo-generalized seizures etc. ..- canbe observed disorders such as motor paralysis of all kinds (one member, the hand, both legs, etc..) muscle contractures of all kinds and abnormal movements, cramps, stiff neck, facial dyskinesia, blepharospasm, the anesthesia or hyperesthesia, disorders visual, hearing loss, the Troubles of phonation, anorexia, bulimia, dyspareunia, vaginismus, aphasia, and often pain-type headache, back pain etc..
But to understand this type of neurosis is it does not just go to the roots of evil, these emotions buried, suffocated under the cloak of silence? Do this not only learn to evacuate his feelings and resentment, its ills and suffering, with words, gestures instead of letting us live like ghosts? Emotions Are Cameroon realize? are they curable?
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